A Historical Overview

1. Ancient Roots of Medicine and Drugs The use of drugs dates back thousands of years, long before modern science existed. Ancient...

1. Prehistoric Times In prehistoric societies, human life expectancy was extremely low. On average, people rarely lived beyond 30 years...

In recent years, many companies have quietly modified the formulas of their products to reduce production costs. Instead of using genuine ingredients, they often substitute them with cheaper alternatives. A classic example is the shift from real chocolate to “chocolate-flavored” products, which may contain little or no actual cocoa butter. While this strategy boosts company profits, it deceives consumers who believe they are purchasing authentic items.

WeWork was once one of the most talked-about startups in the world, symbolizing the future of work and innovation. Founded in 2010 by Adam Neumann and Miguel McKelvey, WeWork’s mission was to revolutionize office spaces by creating shared working environments, known as coworking spaces . The company promised not only flexibility for freelancers, startups, and corporations but also a sense of community and collaboration. This vision resonated strongly with investors, and WeWor

Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth, covered by a vast sheet of ice that represents around 70% of the world’s freshwater....

The invention of the Gutenberg press in the mid-15th century, around 1440, marked one of the most transformative moments in human history. Before Johannes Gutenberg’s innovation, books were laboriously copied by hand, a process that was expensive, time-consuming, and reserved for a privileged few. With his movable type press, Gutenberg revolutionized the way knowledge could be recorded and shared.

Credit cards and digital payment systems have revolutionized the way people pay for goods and services. They make transactions faster,...

Silicon Valley, located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, is widely recognized as the global hub of technology and innovation. It earned its name from the silicon-based semiconductors that were produced there during the mid-20th century, and it has since evolved into a place where ideas, capital, and talent converge to shape the digital world.

At Harvard Business School (HBS), the study of customer behavior is considered one of the pillars of marketing education. The curriculum...

Monsanto was one of the most influential and controversial agribusiness companies in the world. Founded in 1901 in St. Louis, Missouri, the company began as a producer of food additives and industrial chemicals. Over the decades, Monsanto evolved into a global leader in agricultural biotechnology, focusing mainly on genetically modified seeds and herbicides.

The Apollo missions were a series of spaceflights carried out by NASA between 1961 and 1972, designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. These missions were not only technological marvels but also symbols of human determination, innovation, and the desire to explore beyond our planet. The program was initiated during the height of the Cold War and represented a key aspect of the so-called “Space Race” between the United States and the Soviet Union

Daniel Kahneman’s Thinking, Fast and Slow  is a groundbreaking exploration of the human mind and the way we make decisions. Published in 2011, the book summarizes decades of research in psychology and behavioral economics, for which Kahneman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2002. Its central theme is the interaction between two systems of thinking that guide our judgments and actions.

Freedom is one of the most cherished concepts in human society. It generally refers to the ability of individuals to make choices, express opinions, and pursue their lives without undue interference from external forces. Philosophers, politicians, and ordinary people have debated the meaning and limits of freedom for centuries. Yet, despite its universal appeal, freedom is neither absolute nor the same across different societies. The way it is understood and practiced often d

The Iliad , attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, is one of the foundational works of Western literature. Composed around the 8th...

1. Introduction At Harvard Business School (HBS), the concept of the entrepreneurial manager  goes beyond the idea of someone who merely...

Superman, the quintessential superhero, first soared into the public consciousness in June 1938 with his debut in Action Comics #1, created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster. This landmark issue introduced Kal-El, a baby sent from the doomed planet Krypton to Earth, where he was raised as Clark Kent by a Kansas farming couple, Jonathan and Martha Kent. Endowed with extraordinary powers—super strength, flight, x-ray vision, and more—due to Earth’s yellow sun, Super

When people think of McDonald’s, they often imagine hamburgers, fries, and the golden arches. However, the real secret behind the company’s long-term profitability lies not just in selling fast food but in its massive real estate holdings. McDonald’s is, in fact, one of the largest commercial real estate owners in the world, with a business model that cleverly combines franchising with property investment.

The Library of Alexandria is one of the most legendary cultural centers of the ancient world. Founded in the Egyptian city of Alexandria,...

Introduction The rivalry between Coca-Cola and Pepsi is one of the most iconic in business history. Spanning more than a century, these...